Dummy /w
 Dummy entry.

 You are at the top of the help file.

      Cursor around from here.

 Index
Index /m
 Main help menu
 File
 Enhancing
 Masking
 Drawing
 Shaping
 Histogram
 Colour
 General
File /m
 File help menu
 Undo
 Restart
 Copy
 Save
 Load
 Print
 Scanjet
 Program
 Drop
 Zoom
 Set-up
 Layout
 Screen-save
 Images
 To-back
 Quit
Enhancing /m
 Enhancing help menu
 Negative
 Contrast
 Equalize
 Quantize
 Smooth
 Undot
 Sharpen
 Brighten
 Spiff
 Unspike
 Emboss
 Solarize
 Opening
Masking /m
 Masking help menu
 Mask
 Protect
 Threshold
 Grid
 Dodge
Drawing /m
 Drawing help menu
 Edge
 Thin
 Border
 Fill
 Join
 Draw
 Edit
 Paint
Shaping /m
 Shaping help menu
 Resize
 Auto-aspect
 Skew
 Mirror
 Flip
 Rotate
 Lean
 Twist
 Pinch
 Pincushion
 Fisheye
 Mosaic 
 Relief
Imprinting /m
 Imprinting help menu
 Register
 Transparent
 Stamp
 Dye
 Pattern
 Make-pattern
 Focus
 Reveal
Histogram /m
 Histogram help menu
 Hist-display
 Pick
 Line
 Change
 Modify
 Hist-cube
 Statistics
Colour /m
 Colour help menu
 Filter
 Filters
 Plane-extract
 Plane-insert
 Plane-stamp
 Colourify
 Convert
General /m
 General help menu
 About
 Sliders
 Editing
 Directories
 Histogram
 Image-name
 Program
 Convolution
 Help
 Mouse
 Image-type
 Colour
 Greyscale
 Picked colour
 Memory
Help /w /nc
 Help on Help

  Help can be accessed in two ways :

  *  A right click on a plain menu item (no > marker);

  *  A click in a help button.

  Exit Help in two ways :

  1      Click in the OK button in the help screen;

  2      Press the Escape key on the keyboard.

 Navigate around help by selecting a new topic or menu
 by clicking in a See-Also button, or by selecting a
 new topic from a menu.

 Mouse
About /w
 About Image Control

 Shows the program version and the
 copyright statement, and provides
 information on the current state 
 of memory and the video mode.

 General
Images /w
 List of loaded images

 Shows a list of the currently loaded
 images, with sizes and what type of
 memory they occupy (XMS, EMS or TMP disk).

 Use the cursor keys to scroll the list.

 General
To-back /w
 Move current image to back

 This moves the current image, which
 is on top, to the back of the pile
 of images. The next to top image
 becomes the current image.

 General
Memory 
 Memory

 Image Control will start up so long as at least 500K of XMS
 or EMS is found, and 200K of DOS memory is found. Only one of
 XMS OR EMS will be used, whichever there is more of.

 If you try to load or create an image which is too large for 
 current XMS/EMS memory, the image will be buffered to disk.
 The buffer will use the path specified by the TMP environment
 variable. Use the DOS command to set an environment called TMP.

 For example, use
                     set TMP=d:\temp

 tells Image Control to buffer to the d:\temp directory.

 Note that there is no point in using high memory to create a RAMdisk
 for the TMP path, as better results will be obtained by dedicating
 this memory to XMS or EMS. Also, it is better to stoke up on one
 of XMS/EMS, rather than splitting memory between the two types.

 General
Filter /w
 Apply photographic filter
 
 Set the current filter value by adjusting the sliders,
 and action when you are satisfied.

 To save a filter, use the Filters menu item.

 Filters
Filters /w
 Choose filter from list

 Applies a photographic filter to the image.

 The filters are stored in the .ftr file.

 Use a right click to edit the filters text.

 Name the filter, starting in column 1.
 Specify the red, green and blue percentages
 on the following line, starting in column 2.

 A filter can only reduce the brightness of
 the image. Use spiff to spread the pixel
 colour values out if required.

 Filter
Mouse /w
 Mouse

 Any Microsoft-compatible two button mouse may be used.

 Pressing the left mouse button activates a function.

 Pressing the right mouse button on a menu item with a >
 (right arrow) takes you to the parameter window for that 
 option, or to help if there is no right marker.

 Also use a right click to select or deselect a file for loading.

 General
Image-type /w /nc
 Image types supported
 
 Image Control will load :

     TIFF : 1, 4, 8 and 24 bit files;
     BMP  : 1, 4, 8 and 24 bit files;
     TGA  : 1, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 32 bit files;
     JFIF : V1.01, all interleaves, 8 and 24 bit;
     GIF  : 8 bit files.

 Image Control will save :

     TIFF : 8 and 24 bit files;
     BMP  : 24 bit files;
     TGA  : 8, 24 and 32 bit files;
     JFIF : 1:1 interleaves, 8 and 24 bit.

 TIFF note : Tiff file formats are notoriously varied.
             We try to support most accepted varieties.
             Both uncompressed and packbits are read. 

 BMP note  : All BMP files are read as colour images.

 TGA note  : Both uncompressed and RLE files are read. 

 General Load
Greyscale /w
 Greyscale

 A greyscale image is represented as one plane.

 The value of any pixel can range from zero (black) to 255 (white).

 If the greyscale plane is one plane of a colour image, regard the
 value 255 as full colour, rather than white. The three RGB 
 greyscale images are added (by the CRT guns, or the printer head)
 to produce the final colour, so full R and G and B gives full white.

 IHS RGB Histogram Colour
Colour /w
 Colour

 A colour image is represented as three planes, Red, Green and Blue.

 You can operate on the image using general colour functions or by 
 extracting one colour plane, operating on this, and replacing the
 plane into the colour image.

 General IHS RGB Greyscale
Picked colour /w
 Picked colour

 At any one time, there is a picked colour,
 and a picked greylevel. These are used as
 the fill colour by fill, and as the erase
 colour by erase.

 The colour is used if a colour image is 
 current and the greylevel is used for
 greyscale images.

 Change the picked colour or greylevel
 by selecting pick and pointing to a pixel
 in the current image, or moving by the
 spears on the histogram display(s).

 Colour
Histogram /w
 Histogram

 A colour image shows 3 plane histograms, and a greyscale
 image shows one. One histogram show, for each pixel value
 from zero (black) to 255 (white or full colour) the number
 of pixels in the image with that colour or greylevel value.

 A quantized image, one with its pixel values restricted to
 take only a limited number of values in the 0 - 255 range,
 shows few horizontal bars in the histogram.

 Pick Quantize
Print /w
 Print image to printer

 We only support HP/CL, the command language for HP Laserjet II
 and later models, and Encapsulated Postscript (EPS).

 Right click into print to select printing to a  printer, or
 printing to disk. If you print EPS to a printer that does not
 support Postscript, you will be dumping a lot of EPS text to 
 the printer.

 Print EPS to disk so that you can load a printable version of
 the image into a DTP package that supports EPS. We do not offer
 a preview image yet.

 We will be pleased to consider supporting any major brand of 
 thermal or dye-sublimation colour printer.

 To create a print that looks anything like correct, alter the
 image so that it looks washed out on screen.

 "Print layout" Image-type Greyscale Save
Scanjet /w
 Scan greyscale using HP Scanjet plus

 You may scan several areas. They will be
 loaded into the workboard when you quit.

 Print 
Print layout /w
 Print layout

 Position and/or resize the image within the print page.

 Choose between Portrait or Landscape orientations.

 Choose between Normal-A4 and Foolscap page sizes.

 Print
Directories /w
 Directories

 Left click on the file under the bar to action (Load);

 Right click on the file under the bar to select (Load);

 Click off the bar to move the bar to the clicked line;

 Click on a drive letter to change to that drive;

 Hold down the left button on a scroll bar to move the
  bar one file at a time;

 Hold down the right button on a scroll bar to move the
  bar one page at a time;

 Click in the name box to edit the name (Save/Print).

 Load Save Print 
Restart /w/l
 Restart from original image

 Click on this option to reload the original of the current
 image from the disk. This is a quick option.

 You are NOT asked for confirmation !

 We all need to experiment, and this allows you to test
 many different ways of processing your image without the
 tedium of scanning the directory to reload your image when
 you want to start again.

 Restart can be regarded as a "total undo".

 Save Image-name Undo
Save /w
 Save image

 Save lets you choose the save directory, file name and file
 type, and save the current image to disk.

 Use the right button to set the save file type. If you
 do not set the save file type, then if the image came from
 a file (it was loaded as a file, or is a copy of such an
 image) it will have its original file type, and if it did
 not come from a file (you created it somehow eg copy) it will
 use the current save file type.

 Also use the right button to set the overwrite prompt flag.

 Use the mouse to move between directories. Click in the 
 file name field to edit the image's file name.

 BMP does not support greycsale images and overlayed images
 can only be saved in TGA format.

 Load Image-type Directories
Copy /w
 Create copy image

 This will copy either the area under the mask, if it is
 active, or the whole of the current image.

 If you copy the whole image, use the parameter window to 
 specify where it should appear on the board.

 If you Go from the parameter window, the specified number
 of copies of the image will be made using the current layout.

 Drop Mask Image-type Layout
Drop /w
 Drop image

 Left click this option to drop the current image.

 Right click to gain the options to drop all images,
 or to drop all images except the current image.

 Images are dropped without checking if they have
 been saved. Once you have dropped an image you
 have created, it is gone forever !

 Restart Copy Load
Set-up /w
 Set-up

 Change work board colour

 Choose from 0 (black) thru 15 (white)

 Change inversion colour

 Choose the base colour for moving boxes, lines and surrounds.
 0 - 15 are greys, and others are colour. Try 15, 248 and 255.

 Choose dither method

 In 256 colour mode, dither is Floyd-Steinberg. In 32K or
 64K colour mode it is a simple rolling dither.

 Set current image display mode

 Use to see through parts of the current image that are not black.

 Image-type Greyscale RGB
Layout /w
 Layout of new images

 Set the layout types and spacing for the 
 menu items that create new images - like
 copy, relief and load.

 Load Copy
Load /w
 Load image

 Left click on the cursor bar or in the Load button to load the image
 the cursor is on.

 Right click, or hit the INS key, to select several images, and click
 the load button to load them all.

 Enter just loads the cursor image, not selected.

 Image-type Copy Save Directories Layout
Auto-aspect /w
 Set auto-aspect switch

 When auto-aspect is ON, the shaping mask keeps
 the aspect ratio (shape) of the whole image.

 When auto-aspect is OFF, the shaping mask can take
 on any shape you require.

 Resize Reveal Copy
Skew /w
 Skew image

 Move the points to describe the new shape you want
 the image to fit into. Left click in the Skew
 button to activate.

 Resize
Undo /w
 Undo changes

 If the undo switch is ON, then an undo image is saved before
 you operate any major image function. Select Undo to restore
 the saved image (the current image becomes the undo image, so
 you can undo an undo, but no further).

 Only one undo image is supported, and note that this will use
 memory, and will delay each major operation, as the current
 image must be copied each time you do anything.

 Restart
Transparent /w
 Set transparency value

 During a stamp or reveal, part of the image can be protected
 against change. Put another way, only the non-transparent part
 of the image is replaced by the stamp or reveal iamge.

 The transparent part of the image must be black or white (black
 or full colour in the case of a colour plane). This option lets
 you specify black, white or nothing for the transparency.

 Stamp Reveal
Focus /w
 Change degree of focus

 Focus is used in patterns and painting.

 Generally the white of the focus is
 where the action happens.

 Right click to select a rectangular or
 circular application of focus.

 Pattern
Screen-save /w
 Screen save mode and delay

 Click both buttons together during sleep display,
 and next time you select screen-save the sleep
 image is loaded into the workboard.

 Hit G for grab during sleep display, and next
 time you select screen-save the workboard screen
 is loaded into the workboard as an image.

 Mouse
Zoom /w
 Change zoom value

 Zoom means zooming out - imagine that with a higher zoom
 value you are standing further away from the work area.

 The image will be halved in size for each value of zoom.
 The zoom value is shown on the top of the screen.

 Image positioning is adjusted during zoom - eg in zoom
 4, all images are moved to board positions dividable by 4.

 Size
Register /w
 Register one image to another

 This will put into exact registration all images
 lying in a pile whose top left corner are within
 10 pixels of the current image.

 Use this before stamping and other inter-image
 actions.

 Stamp
Convolve-3 /w
 3 x 3 convolution filter

 Edit the 3 x 3 matrix, and set up the parameter value.

 The convolution is applied seperately to each plane
 in the case of a colour image.

 See Convolve and Convolution for divisor details.

 Convolve Convolution
Convolve-5 /w
 5 x 5 convolution filter

 Edit the 5 x 5 matrix, and set up the parameter value.

 The convolution is applied seperately to each plane
 in the case of a colour image.

 See Convolve and Convolution for divisor details.

 Convolve Convolution
Opening /w
 Opening/closing light pixel areas

 Erode replaces each pixel with the darkest in a 
 circle around it. Dilate uses with the lightest.

 You choose the diameter of the circle in pixels.

 Use a dilate-erode sequence, of varying sizes, 
 followed by sharpening, for painted blotchy image.

 Convolve Sharpen
Plane-extract /w
 Extract one or more colour planes

 Allows you to separate out an individual plane or all
 planes. 

 Create colour images (the other planes are blacked out)
 or greyscale images (true individual colour planes).

 Plane-insert
Plane-insert /w
 Insert grey image as a colour plane

 Allows you to place a greyscale image into a colour
 image as one particular colour plane.

 Plane-extract
Plane-stamp /w
 Stamp image plane into image

 Allows you to place one plane of the current image 
 into the registered lower image. Use this to combine
 planes that you separated as colour images.

 Plane-extract Register Stamp
Colourify /w
 Convert image to colour

 Allows you to convert a greyscale image into
 a grey colour image, ready for plane manipulation.

 Convert Plane-extract 
Convert /w /nc
 Convert image type

 A colour image can be converted to 

 * a greyscale image (planes treated equally)

 * a grey colour image (all planes made equal)

 * an IHS image from RGB

 * an RGB image from IHS

 IHS RGB Greyscale
RGB /w
 Red-Green-Blue

 A normal colour image is stored as one plane of red, one of green
 and one of blue. Each plane can be regarded as a greyscale image.

 The value of any pixel is its red value, its green value and its
 blue value, each of which can be in the range of 0 to 255.
 0 means no lightness in that colour, and 255 means full lightness,
 so bright magenta would be red 255, green 0 and blue 255.

 IHS Greyscale 
IHS /w
 Intensity-Hue-Saturation

 When an image is stored using the IHS model, it still takes up
 three greyscale planes, but the first represents the intensity
 (or lightness), the second represents the hue (relative 
 proportions of the three colours) and the third the saturation
 (the colourfulness - how different from grey it is).

 Note that intensity and hue vary from 0 - 255, but the range of
 saturation values is limited, and depend on the hue and intensity
 of a pixel (a fully intense pixel must be pretty white, so cannot
 have a high saturation).

 By converting to IHS, working on intensity and converting back
 to RGB, you guarantee not to affect the hue of any pixel, as you
 would if you worked on any one RGB plane alone.

 RGB Greyscale
Quit /w
 Leave Image Control

 This takes you back to the record screen where the
 current record will still be displayed.

 If the image has been altered and not saved, 
 you will be prompted to save it.

 Restart Save Image-name
Image-name /w
 Image name

 This is the name shown in the white button on the top bar of
 buttons. Its associated dimensions and size are displayed in
 the next white button.

 An image is "named" if you loaded it from disk, or if you
 copied it from a named image. If you copied it from a mask,
 or created it as a plane, or otherwise, it will not be given
 a name. 

 To save an un-named image, you must give it a name in the
 save screen name box.

 An image is un-named if the name box on the top of the screen
 is empty.

 Restart Save Image-type
Size /w
 Size of image

 The dimensions of the current image are displayed in
 pixels (width x height) on the top of the screen. To
 see the size of the image in Kbytes, use the about option.

 Image-type Resize Image-name About
Editing /w
 Editing text

 Use F6 (copy buffer) to start or end marking by line.
 The marked (copied) area is stored and can be pasted
 into any text button by using F6 again.

 Use F7 to enter a search string.

 Ctrl Y deletes a line.

 Program Mouse
Contrast /w
 Increase contrast of image

 Use for increasing the range of greyscale values
 (i.e. brightening up an image) or decreasing the
 range of greyscale values (i.e. flattening down 
 an image).

 The slider allows you to :
 increase the contrast (slider towards bright) or
 decrease the contrast (slider towards flat).

 The slider value indicates the strength of the
 operation.

 Equalize Histogram Sliders
Equalize /w
 Equalize grey levels in image

 Use for spreading the greyscale values evenly across
 an image.

 Most effective on images that are unbalanced in their
 distribution of greyscale values (i.e. images
 that are lacking light, dark, or light and dark areas).

 Many images have areas of near black or white
 which would dominate the equalize operation.
 Use the slider to protect the equalization from 
 being affected by these areas. The slider value
 indicates the number grey levels in from total black
 or pure white that are to be ignored by the equalize
 filter.

 Histogram
Quantize /w
 Reduce number of imtensity levels

 A 0 to 255 greyscale reduction process filter.

 The slider positions range from 17 which equates to a
 16 level greyscale image to position 2 which equals a
 half-tone image (i.e. a black and white image or bitmap
 image).

 The process will move pixel values to the nearest
 quantize value.
 
 It is often useful to use the histogram change filter to
 adjust the greyscale balance of an image before using
 the quantize filter. 
 
 Equalize
Smooth /w
 Smooth or blur image

 This smooths, defocuses or blurrs an image. Any
 sharp points or edges are merged into one another.
 This is the opposite of the Sharpen filter.
  
 Sharpen
Edge /w
 Create edge line drawing

 Edge creates a line drawing of the current image. For a 
 colour image, edge works on each plane independently.

 Edge runs a Roberts' edge convolution over the image to
 find the maximum of the two grey variations over the 
 diagonals through each pixel. It then thresholds the 
 result, showing high variation pixels (edge pixels) in
 black, and the rest of the image becomes white. 

 The threshold value can be adjusted. You can also try
 a number of contrasts or sharpens before running the
 edge filter.

 Use Program for creating more types of edge convolutions.

 
 Thin Join
Spiff /w
 Make histogram fill greylevel range

 Spreads out pixel values to fill to 0 - 255 range.
 (Alchemy uses the term spiff - SPread Image Function ?)

 If the image is colour, the spread is from the nearest
 of the RGB values to each end of the range.

 Contrast Histchange
Negative /w /nc
 Create negative of image

    All pixels are negatived :

         Black < - > White

           Red < - > Cyan
         Green < - > Magenta
          Blue < - > Yellow

 Merging a negatived image with the original
 results in a uniform grey image whether the
 image is colour or greyscale.

 Merge Program
Sharpen /w
 Sharpen or unblur image

 This emphasises the edges between areas of different
 colour or greylevel. Sharpen moves the pixel values 
 away from the average of surrounding pixels.

 The slider indicates the strength of the operation.

 Sharpen is the basis for the convolution example
 provided in this help file.
 
 Smooth Convolve Convolution
Brighten /w
 Brighten or darken image

 A process filter to brighten or darken an image.
 The slider offers a total of 19 levels, spread evenly
 from white to black. 

 Move the slider towards white to whiten an image,
 or towards black to blacken the image.

 The operation "pulls" the pixel values towards the
 target, in that whitening will affect light pixels
 more than dark pixels and vice versa. 
 
 Contrast
Unspike /w
 Remove greylevel spikes

 This filter removes small unassociated groups of pixels
 by merging them into the background.

 The 19 slider positions allows filter control on the
 size of these black or white unassociated groups to be
 merged into the background.
 
 Use sparingly as high values on the slider will cause
 considerable overall smoothing on most images, as an
 ordinary edge will be treated as a spike.

 Smooth Convolve
Emboss /w
 Create embossed image

 The creation of an embossed or bas-relief image.

 This filter creates a 50:50 merge of the original image
 with a negative of the original shifted a couple of
 pixels diagonally.

 A typical image will produce an emboss with "edgish"
 pixels showing white or black.

 Edge
Solarize /w
 Solarize image

 This filter uses a common photographic technique which
 "folds" the histogram about its middle.

 Threre are 9 steps through the solarize cycle.

 First, change black areas to white, change dark areas to
 light and leave grey to white areas as they are. Then
 spread grey down to black, pulling the rest along. The
 resulting image shows grey areas as the blackest.

 Emboss Negative
Thin /w
 Thin a line drawing

 Thins edges produced by the edge function for each
 colour plane independently. An edge is defined as 
 those pixels with a value of zero.

 A thinned edge remains at least one pixel thick.

 Edge Undot
Undot /w
 Remove dots in image

 Removes edge dots or blobs of zero pixel value 
 up to 2 x 2 pixels in size. Use this to clean up 
 after an edge or thin function.

 Edge Thin 
Border /w
 Put border onto image

 This process adds a black or white border to the
 existing image. The border thickness and colour is
 selected on the slider. The operation may be carried
 out as many times you wish.

 Once a border is added to an image, it becomes an 
 integral part of that image and therefore subsequent
 processing of that image will enact upon the border.

 Try a sequence of borders of reducing depth alternating
 black and white for a bulls-eye effect.

 Copy Mask
Program /w
 Run program macro
 
 Programs are identified in the program text as a name starting 
 in column 1, followed by lines of instructions that start in or
 after column 2. When you left click on Program, you see a list
 of program names. Select one, and the instructions below the name
 start to execute.

 Use a right click to access the program text for editing, and to
 start and stop recording of process actions.

 When you stop recording, the recorded actions are inserted at the
 top of the program list, and you are asked for a name for the
 new program. You are then put into editing mode to inspect the
 recorded text.

 You can also edit the program as a text file. It is called
 "imagectl.pro"

 General
Keywords /w
 Keywords

 When building a program you must use specific words for
 commands - these are called keywords. Some are identical to
 their corresponding menu entries (menu keywords) while some
 do not have a menu entry.

 Some keywords use additional parameters (names, numbers etc)
 and these follow the keyword in a strict order.

 For example, the command "sharpen 3" means run the sharpen 
 function with a strength of 3. Where a menu keyword needs 
 several parameters, these appear on the command in the order
 the parameters appear in the parameter window, from top to
 bottom.

 Program "Non-menu keywords"
Non-menu keywords /w /nc
 Non-menu keywords

 These keywords do not correspond to menu functions :

  Histchange f1 t1 f2 t1 : Anchor spears at f1 and t1, and 
                           move to f2 t2;
  Select x y               A range of greylevels to process.
  Merge x:y                Merge y% of file x with current image.
  Imprint x                Print no-black of file x on image.
  Wipe n                   Fills the image area to a grey value x.
  Textbox x y              Pops up a text box at x, y.
  Move n                   Moves diagonally right and down by n pixels.
  Sharpif x y              Selective sharpening convolution. 
  Dragnet x                Inverse gradient convolution.
  Convolve x               Raw convolution - see help on convolve.

 Program Convolve 
Convolve /w /nc
 Convolve

 The convolution matrix is applied to all image pixels. Each matrix
 value is multiplied by the value of the pixel underneath, the 
 additive term is added, and the total is divided by the divisor.

 In detail, first calculate the additive term :

    additive term  =  256 * (no of negative elements in matrix)

 Then using the parameter, we calculate the divisor :

    parameter = 0  -  divisor is sum of matrix and use addterm
    parameter > 0  -  divisor is abs (parameter) and use addterm
    parameter < 0  -  divisor is abs (parameter) and addterm is zero

 If the divisor ends up as zero, it is reset to unity.

 addterm is added to the total of the pixel value times matrix value
 multiplications, before the division by the divisor.

 This is called normalisation, and is done to bring the pixel back
 to a reasonable value. Too large a divisor results in a reduced
 intensity range, while if the addterm used is high or low the image
 will be too light or dark, and some pixels may have been clipped to
 white or black as they had been calculated as out of range.

 It can take some trial and error to get a suitable divisor and/or
 addterm, as large matrix values can widen an images pixel value
 range considerably. Such convolutions are not "soundly based" but
 can nevertheless produce valuable results.

 Convolution
Convolution /w
 Convolution

 This is the basis for most enhancement "filters".

 We take a square matrix of numbers of odd side and we place it
 over each pixel of the image in turn. For a colour image we
 repeat the process for each plane.

 At each position, we multiply each matrix value with the value of
 the pixel underneath it, and add all these numbers up. If all values
 are positive, we then want to divide the total by the matrix sum, to
 normalise the result back to the 0-255 grey range.

 We also use the same matrix structure to using different calculations
 for edging, thinning, joining and so on.

 For example, a standard sharpen of strength 3 uses this matrix :

                   0   -1   0
                  -1    7  -1
                   0   -1   0

 and we use a divisor of 3. Seven times the target pixel, minus one
 times each of the 4 immediate neighbours, all divided by 3, gives
 the new value for the target pixel. A pixel with neighbours all
 lighter than it (larger greylevels) will become darker (it will move
 further from the values of the neighbours). 
 
 Convolve Program
Resize /w
 Change shape or size of image

 Move the frame and/or size the frame by dragging the full
 frame or its tag with the mouse left button.

 To keep the aspect (shape) of the frame fixed to that of
 the image, set the auto-aspect switch in the menu.

 Left click the Resize button to action the resize.

 Note that if the image is larger than the workarea, you are
 given a mask that corresponds to the visible part of the
 current image.

 Copy Zoom Auto-aspect
Mirror /w
 Mirror image left to right

 This does a left-right mirror operation on the image.

 Flip Rotate
Flip /w
 Flip from top to bottom

 This does a top-bottom mirror operation on the image.

 Mirror Rotate
Rotate /w
 Rotate image

 Choose from a rotation of 90 degrees to the left or
 right, or rotation by degrees.

 You can rotate an image forwards or backwards up
 to 45 degrees. To rotate through larger angles,
 rotate 90 degrees to the left or right first.

 The image is presented within the surrounding
 upright image, the corners showing in black.

 Flip Mirror
Lean /w
 Lean image to right or left

 You can lean an image forwards or backwards
 up to 45 degrees. The resulting image is the
 same height, and the two end corners show
 in black.

 Rotate Flip Mirror
Twist /w
 Twist image clockwise

 The image a twisted, or spiralled,
 clockwise from the centre outwards,
 according to the strength parameter.

 Pinch Rotate
Pinch /w
 Pinch image towards centre

 The image is pinched towards the centre
 so that at high strengths the centre of
 the image almost becomes a point.

 The effect is more voilent than in the
 case of pincushion.

 Pincushion Fisheye Twist
Pincushion /w
 Create a pincushion shape

 This mimics photographic pincushion
 distortion, with the image sides sucked
 inwards, and the corners remaining in
 position.

 This is less violent than pinch, and is
 the opposite of fisheye.

 Fisheye Pinch
Fisheye /w
 Create a fisheye or barrel effect

 This mimics a photograch taken with a
 medium strength fisheye lens, of a 
 non-correcting very wide angle lens.

 This is the opposite of pincushion.

 Pincushion Pinch
Mosaic /w
 Create mosaic effect

 Random rectangles of the image are 
 moved a random small distance and
 replaced on top of the original image.

 A higher strength results in more
 smaller blocks being moved.

 Pinch
Relief /w
 Relief image of grey values

 The image appears laid flat on a 3D surface, and
 the grey value of each pixel appears as the height
 of the pillar rising from that pixel.

 Use a low contrast to show detailed reliefs,
 and to get a diagonal display, rotate the 
 image before using relief.

 Greyscale
Stamp /w
 Stamp or paste image onto another

 To stamp is to print all or part of the top image (the one
 you can see) onto all lower (hidden) images. Only the current
 image (or that part of it within the mask) is used as a stamp.

 If images are more than two deep at any place, the middle
 image is not stamped onto the lower.

 The stamped part of the receiving image is replaced with a
 mix of the receiving image and the stamping image, where you
 can specify the percentage of the stamping image to be used.

 The transparent flag can force pure black or white areas of
 the stamping image to be ignored. This is how you get just
 the area you want stamped onto another image.

 Transparent Reveal Dye
Reveal /w
 Reveal part of lower image into image

 Reveal performs almost a reverse stamp, in that images below the
 current image (within the mask if active) are cut out up into the
 current image. Only the second layer is lifted - images in layers
 below are ignored.

 There is no strength - full strength is assumed.

 The transparency also controls reveal, but this time the black or
 white of the receiving (current) image is tested. Note that
 transparent means the stamp is not performed, so interpret
 transparent as the area of the top image which is not altered.

 This is how you lift a pattern into the required (black or white)
 area in your receiving image.

 Transparent Stamp Dye
Dye /w
 Print image colour onto another

 Use dye to print the colours through from the current image
 to lower images, without affecting the brightness.

 Stamp
Pattern /w
 Place pattern into image

 The current pattern is loaded from disk, and you then
 dab the pattern onto the receiving image by positioning
 the mouse and left clicking. You can pattern onto any
 image, not just the current image.

 Set the strength low, and press multiple times to build the
 up pattern up slowly.

 The current focus shape defines the degree to which the
 strength fades out towards the edge of the pattern.

 Stamp Dye Focus Make-pattern
Make-pattern /w
 Save current image as pattern

 The current image or masked image is saved
 to disk as imagectl.ptn. The pattern may
 be up to 100 columns x 100 rows.

 Pattern
Hist-display /w /nc
 Toggle histogram display

 A left click on this option will turn the histogram
 display on if it is off, or refresh the display if it
 is already on.

 Use a right click to set the default to off or on,
 and to change the display format.

 Choose between several different formats for displaying
 on the histogram the make-up of the current picked colour.

 Note that this does not change the display of the image.

 You may choose :

 RGB 0-255     R, G and B, grey level in the range 0 to 255

 RGB %         R, G and B, grey level in the range 1 - 100

 CMYK          Cyan, magenta, yellow and black.
               No undercolour options are available yet.

 Pick Line Change Edit Colour
Draw /w
 Draw lines onto image

 Use a left click to create successive points on the image
 which are joined up. Use the stamp button to permanently
 incorporate the lines you see (which are created on the screen)
 into the image. After stamping, carry on with the next point.

 A right click will move the mouse onto the nearest black pixel
 (if it is within five pixels of the mouse) and join up to that.
 This guarantees a connected edge.

 Fill Edge Join Paint
Fill /w
 Fill a line drawing

 Fills an area outlined in black with the specified
 colour. Use a right click to choose between filling
 with black, white or the current picked colour.

 Make sure the region you are filling is completely
 enclosed in black. Use join on the edges ensure that
 this is so. Fill will not escape between pixels
 touching each other at the corners only. There has to
 be a pixel sized gap for fill to get out.

 The loop value can limit how many times this option
 will loop up and down the image. Set up a connected
 maze if you want to see what kind of areas take a
 long time. The loop stops automatically when nothing 
 more can be filled, in any case.

 Press the ESC key to abort the looping.

 Draw Edge Join Fill
Join /w
 Join line segments

 Join performs a lengthening of end points of broken
 lines, to join up broken and incomplete edges.

 Use join after an edge to prepare for a fill.

 Edge Thin Fill
Thin /w
 Thin

 Thin cuts away at the edges of black areas,
 particularly the sides of black lines.

 Thin shows you the result of each pass, so
 you can stop the thinning when you wish.

 If left to run, thin will reduce all black
 areas to thin lines one pixel wide.

 Prepare an edge with quantize and other
 histogram tools before thinning.

 Press the ESC key to abort the looping.

 Edge Quantize Join Thin Fill
Paint /w
 Paint image to a colour

 The Paint lets you wipe with black, white or the
 picked colour, using a variable sized wiper. Choose
 spray and a strength if required.

 Use the right button to size the wiper, and use the
 left button to wipe.

 Use the Paint to clean areas, or to join edges ready
 for filling, or just to touch-up.

 Join Draw
Draw /w
 Draw
 
 Lets you create joined up straight-line segments
 for masking or touching up broken lines where edge
 found too little contrast to make a solid line.

 A left click puts a point where the mouse is and
 freezes the ruler there. Move on and the ruler
 creates another segment.

 A left click automatically moves you to the nearest 
 black pixel in the image and makes a segment to that
 point. Use to join up to existing lines without
 leaving single pixel gaps.

 Use Stamp to print the drawing on the image. You 
 must have the existing lines stamped before the
 left click will work.

 Fill Paint Join
Pick /w
 Pick colour for editing

 Select pick, and use the mouse to point to a pixel in
 the current image. The pixel value and colour of that
 pixel are displayed in the histogram display box.

 This is now the picked colour as used by Fill and Paint.

 Colour Histogram
Line /w
 Histogram line

 Select line, and move the ruler by either picking up a
 end point or pointing mouse to a selected position and
 clicking the left mouse button which then pulls in the
 nearest end point to the selected position.

 The range of pixel values along the ruler will be 
 displayed on the histogram.

 Change Histogram
Change /w
 Histogram change

 There are two movable spears located at either end of the
 histogram display. Move spears by locating spearhead with
 mouse, hold down left mouse key and slide spear to a new
 location. Anchor spears by clicking on the histogram base
 button, then move either spear. 

 The spears act like anchors in a flexible pixel value range,
 so the three ranges (above, between and below the pair of
 spears) stay intact, while being compressed or extended to
 match the new spear positions.

 Pick Line Histogram Program
Modify /w /nc
 Histogram modify

 Linear restores the plane's map. Gamma restarts and
 lets you define the response curve for the plane. To
 leave Gamma mode, click in the Gamma button again.

 Other options change the current plane's map.

 Click on Convert to apply your histogram map(s) to the
 current image. Click on the menu line to discard changes.

 Push - wipe curve but curve cannot drop to right
 Pike - wipe curve, spikes allowed
 Line - grab curve and move linear
 NonL - grab curve and move non-linear
 NewL - grab curve and force wide movement

 A map is saved with the extension .lut.

 Change
Hist-cube /w
 Histogram cube of colour image

 You choose the Z-axis colour plane. With 2-D you are looking
 down on the cube along the Z-axis from the bright end. With
 3-D, the Z-axis climbs and goes away from you. Pixels are
 placed in the cubes with their true colours. 

 If you choose blue, then with 2-D you see how the reds and
 greens are distributed and pixels with a lot of blue will
 be "nearer" you than pixels with little blue. With 3-D 
 white will be "away" from you in the top right corner.

 Modify 
Edit /w
 Edit pixels of image

 This will not operate in a zoomed mode.

 Click the mouse in the magnify box to set an individual pixel
 to the current editing colour. Hold the button and move to
 change several pixels at once. The magnified area will be
 updated whenever you move the mouse out of it.

 The current edit colour is shown below the histogram, and the
 histogram spears also show the colour plane components of the
 edit colour. Change the edit colour by dragging the spears,
 or by right clicking on the image or in the magnify box.

 Move the edit box by dragging it around the image, and move
 the image normally or using the board sliders.

 Pick Fill Paint
Statistics /w
 View image statistics

 Shows average, maximum and minimum pixel values.
 
 In the case of a colour image, the maxima and minima
 are for independent colour planes (maximum blue will
 not correspond to maximum red and so on).

 Change
Mask /w
 Switch on or off the image or box mask

 Use a mask to copy a portion of the image, or to
 protect part of an image from a process or to make a
 process apply only to part of an image.

 With the box mask, the active part is the whole area.
 This is reversed with the mask in protect mode.

 The mask is always displayed "above" images.

 Once the mask is activated, then left click-moving in
 the mask area, or in the mask tag, will only affect
 the mask.

 The mask will stay fixed within the board window until
 you select "Mask" again or move it.

 Stamp Copy
Threshold /w
 Threshold an image black and white

 Pixels darker than the specified threshold are
 made black, and those equal to, or brighter than,
 the threshold are made white.

 Quantize
Protect /w
 Protect image from black and white

 Protect will move pixels in the current image away from
 black, white or both, by one pixel value. This is applied
 to all planes of a colour image.

 Use this during transparent display or stamping. If image pixels
 match the tranpsarence during display you will see through them,
 and during stamping they will not be stamped.

 Protect will ensure that these extreme valued pixels do not
 exactly match the tranpsarency, with litle effect on the image.

 Use spiff if you want to stretch an image histogram again.

 Spiff Set-up
Grid /w
 Toggle grid display

 Use a grid to help you position images precisely, ready for
 a stamp or dye.

 Left click on grid to toggle the grid on and off. Right click
 on grid to set the grid spacing.

 Consider the grid to be ruled above your images, so you slide
 the images about underneath the grid. 

 Move the lower image(s) so one particular feature is on a grid
 intersection, and then slide the next image(s) on top, so that
 the matching feature is on the same grid intersection. Then
 apply the process you require.

 Stamp Dye
Dodge /w
 Apply with dodger

 Adjust the dodger size using the right mouse button. Select a
 dodge process, and apply to the current image with the left
 mouse button.

 Focus Mask
Dummy entry to let last entry be chosen.
